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Quiz: Logical Deduction - Section 1

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Number of Questions: 25

Question: 11 -

Statements: Some papers are pens. Some pencils are pens.

Conclusions:

  1. Some pens are pencils.
  2. Some pens are papers.

Options:

  1. Neither I nor II follows

  2. Only conclusion I follows

  3. Both I and II follow

  4. Only conclusion II follows

    5. Answer:

    Both I and II follow
    Solution:

    Since both premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows. However, I is the converse of second premise, while II is the converse of the first premise. So, both of them hold. 

Question: 12 -

Statements: All birds are tall. Some tall are hens.

Conclusions:

  1. Some birds are hens.
  2. Some hens are tall.

Options:

  1. Only conclusion I follows

  2. Either I or II follows

  3. Neither I nor II follows

  4. Only conclusion II follows

    5. Answer:

    Only conclusion II follows
    Solution:

    Since the middle term 'tall' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, II is the converse of the second premise and so it holds. 

Question: 13 -

Statements: Some papers are pens. Angle is a paper.

Conclusions:

  1. Angle is not a pen.
  2. Angle is a pen.

Options:

  1. Both I and II follow

  2. Only conclusion I follows

  3. Either I or II follows

  4. Only conclusion II follows

    5. Answer:

    Either I or II follows
    Solution:

    Since the middle term 'papers' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, I and II involve only the extreme terms and form a complementary pair. Thus, either I or II follows. 

Question: 14 -

Statements: All poles are guns. Some boats are not poles.

Conclusions:

  1. All guns are boats.
  2. Some boats are not guns.

Options:

  1. Only conclusion II follows

  2. Neither I nor II follows

  3. Either I or II follows

  4. Only conclusion I follows

    5. Answer:

    Neither I nor II follows
    Solution:

    Clearly, the term 'guns' is distributed in both the conclusions without being distributed in any of the premises. So, neither conclusion follows. 

Question: 15 -

Statements: Many scooters are trucks. All trucks are trains.

Conclusions:

  1. Some scooters are trains.
  2. No truck is a scooter.

Options:

  1. Only conclusion II follows

  2. Either I or II follows

  3. Neither I nor II follows

  4. Only conclusion I follows

    5. Answer:

    Only conclusion I follows
    Solution:

    Since the first premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. Thus, only I follows.